Что входит в жилую площадь частного дома, и как она рассчитывается? Юридическая консультация > Административное право > Право собственности > Как узнать, что входит в жилую площадь частного дома, и как ее можно посчитать?

При выборе частного дома для покупки или при проектировке перед строительством одним из самых важных параметров является его площадь. Однако часто продавец, покупатель и застройщик говорят на разных языках, понимая под площадью дома совершенно разные понятия. 

Существует несколько терминов, которые используются при определении размеров здания: это площадь застройки, общая и жилая площадь, причем значения терминов сильно различаются. Что входит в жилую площадь частного дома?

Основные термины в строительстве

У многих людей совершенно разные понятия о площади частного дома

При проектировке здания проектировщик и застройщик используют для расчета 4 основных понятия:

• Площадь помещений. Это расчет размеров помещения, определяемый по расстоянию между стенами без учета плинтусов. Если в частном доме установлена печь или камин, ее размеры исключаются из площади помещений во время расчетов.
• Общая площадь здания – это суммарная площадь всех жилых и нежилых помещений, в которую входят комнаты, кухня, тамбур, коридоры, прихожая и встроенные шкафы. Раньше при расчете общей площади учитывались веранды, террас и уличных площадок, балконы и лоджии, но сейчас это правило перестало действовать.
• Жилая площадь – это суммарная величина жилых комнат, в документах они учитываются как комнаты, предназначенные для постоянного проживания людей. Это кухня, гостиная, спальня, детская, рабочий кабинет, также в это понятие включаются гардеробные комнаты.
• Полезная площадь (в иностранных стандартах она обозначается как «используемая). Это суммарная площадь всех помещений, из этой величины исключается площадь лестниц и лестничных клеток, а также лифтовых шахт и пандусов.

Также при строительстве очень важным является понятие «площадь застройки»: по закону она не должна превышать 30% от общей площади участка. В эту величину включается общая площадь горизонтального разреза здания, проведенного на уровне цокольной части.

При этом в данную величину включается площадь крыльца, террасы или веранды, но не включается размер балкона на втором этаже, если у него нет дополнительных несущих столбов.

Знание всех этих понятий позволяет понять, каким должен быть дом по размерам и определиться с требованиями к застройщику и проектировщику. Кроме того, общая и жилая площадь указываются в объявлениях при поиске покупателя на дом.

Данные о размере общей и жилой площади здания вносятся в технический паспорт жилого объекта и свидетельство о регистрации объекта недвижимости.

Чем отличаются общая и жилая площадь?

В жилую площадь частного дома входит площадь комнат для проживания

Понятие общей площади дома учитывается при расчете нормы, которая должна приходиться на каждого человека, проживающего в данном помещении. Если она не соответствует норме, то человек имеет право встать на очередь, чтобы улучшить жилищные условия.

Кроме того, этот параметр учитывается при подсчете стоимости отопления, если в квартире или доме не установлен тепловой счетчик. В этом случае приходится платить за все отапливаемые помещения в здании.

Жилая площадь обязательно указывается в объявлениях при продаже, так как этот параметр позволяет оценить реальные размеры жилого пространства. Так в большом доме может быть оборудована просторная прихожая или тамбур, но при этом сами комнаты окажутся маленькими и тесными. Решение нужно принимать не только после оценки документов, но и после визуального осмотра дома.

Если управляющая компания неправильно рассчитывает стоимость отопления из-за неверно указанной в документах общей площади, необходимо переоформить технический паспорт, после чего соответствующие изменения вносятся в кадастровый паспорт и свидетельство о собственности. После этого управляющая компания должна будет провести перерасчет.

Нюансы оценки общей и жилой площади

Площадь мансарды — спорный момент при оценке жилья

При расчете общей и жилой площади у покупателя и продавца или у заказчика и застройщика нередко возникают разногласия, так как не учитывается несколько важных нюансов:

• Если в здании есть ниши, высота которых составляет менее 2 м, они не могут учитываться в составе жилой площади помещения.
• Если площадь пространства под лестничным маршем составляет не более полутора метров, она также не будет учитываться при оценке размеров дома.

Особо сложно рассчитывать размеры жилого помещения мансардного этажа или используемого чердака. В этом случае основным параметров для расчета становится наклон кровли. Если наклон кровли составляет 27 градусов, в общую жилую площадь входит только часть помещения с высотой 1,5 метра до кровли.

Каждому будущему домовладельцу необходимо научиться самостоятельно замерять общую и жилую площадь, чтобы проверить соответствие готового здания данным заявленным в проекте. Для этого помещение необходимо освободить от мебели, после чего измерить длину и ширину комнаты. Полученные размеры перемножаются, таким образом измеряется размер каждой комнаты в доме.

Точный расчет общей и жилой площади необходим при проектировке будущего дома и при последующей приемке здания после завершения строительства. При продаже это один из ключевых параметров, напрямую влияющий на оценку итоговой стоимости здания.

Как правильно посчитать площадь помещений, расскажет видеоматериал:

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90000 Will Humans Be Living in Space in the Next 50 Years? 90001 90002 When you look at the facets of the environment on the moon, you understand why astronauts have found no traces of life. First, the climate vacillates significantly from 270 degrees Fahrenheit (132 degrees Celsius) on the equator to between minus 22 to minus 58 F (minus 30 to minus 50 C) at the poles [source: Jones]. Add to that the sharp moon dust that flies about and the lack of atmosphere to protect you from solar radiation, and it is not exactly a trip to the beach.90003 90002 That said, initial space settlements will not look like trendy McMansions minus the manicured lawn. NASA’s Lunar Architecture Team continues to work out the details, but pressurized habituation modules — think futuristic FEMA trailers — and tough inflatable tentlike structures could house the astronauts. These would need to be buried or covered in moon dirt to protect them from harmful radiation. 90003 90002 Advertisement 90003 90002 Advertisement 90003 90002 For power sources, NASA researchers are looking into solar power technology.Although nights on the moon can last 334 hours, researchers hope to build an energy storage system to harness as much energy as possible when the sun hits the lunar landscape. 90003 90002 One outline for space colonization published by NASA proposes that average people, not just specially-trained astronauts, could one day live on rotating spacecraft that orbit the Earth [source: NASA Space Settlements]. If the space vehicle spins while in orbit, it would simulate gravity, allowing for proper human development.Given the recent breakthroughs in lower-cost reusable space vehicles that are fueling plans for the space tourism industry, NASA predicts that such livable spacecrafts could be in existence in 50 years [source: NASA Space Settlements]. 90003 90002 As with the lunar base, the main caveat attached to livable spacecraft is money. Private flights into space orbit have cost $ 20 million for one person. In addition to the problem of getting there, migrating to outer space means starting even before scratch.Humans can not breathe freely outside of the Earth’s atmosphere, and the amount of solar heat can kill us. We would essentially have to create our own oxygenated, well-protected containment areas to survive. 90003 90002 We’ll have a better idea in the next decade about the likelihood of these space dreams turning into reality. If federal funding moves forward for the lunar base project and private space tourism ventures progress, outer space neighborhoods may no longer be the stuff of fantasy.90003 90002 For more information on space travel, check out the links below. 90003 .90000 Is It Worth It? the Costs and Benefits of Space Exploration 90001 90002 Ever since the Sun set on the Apollo era and the Soviet Union collapsed (thus ending the Cold War), there has been an unavoidable question when it comes to space exploration. 90003 90002 It has become even more relevant in recent years in response to new proposals to send astronauts to the Moon and to Mars. 90003 90006 «Given the sheer cost, is space 90007 exploration really worth it?» 90008 90002 Let’s face it, space exploration is not exactly cheap! It takes the equivalent of millions of dollars to send even a single robotic mission to space, and billions of dollars to send astronauts to orbit.90003 90002 If you’re looking to send explorers to even the nearest celestial bodies, chances are the costs will run into the hundreds of billions. 90003 90002 90014 RELATED: SPACE PROGRAMS AROUND THE WORLD 90015 90003 90002 To be fair, exploring space, the other celestial bodies of the Solar System, and the Universe at large also comes with innumerable benefits. The problem is, the most obvious benefits are largely intangible. How do you put a dollar value on scientific knowledge, inspiration, or the expansion of our frontiers? 90003 Source: NASA on The Commons / Flickr 90019 What About Earth? 90020 90002 For those debating the worth of space exploration, things often turn towards the issue of how many problems we have here on Earth.As the argument goes, between climate change, hunger, overpopulation and underdevelopment, we’ve got enough challenges here at home, and these should take priority over exploring and / or establishing a human presence on other worlds. 90003 90002 90014 RELATED: 10 WAYS HUMANS IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT 90015 90003 90002 For example, in a recent op-ed piece, Amitai Etzioni — an adviser to the Carter administration — countered some of the arguments for colonizing Mars and other planets in the Solar System (as put forth by luminaries such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk).Addressing the argument that humanity needed to do so in order to survive long-term, Etzioni wrote: 90003 90002 90030 «[W] hat the droughts, the fires, the hot summers, and the melting glaciers call for is not an escape from Earth , but a redoubling of the efforts to save it … What is needed are major technological breakthroughs that will allow for protecting earth while sustaining a healthy level of economic activity … To make such breakthroughs we need major concentrations of research and development resources , talent, and leadership, all of which are in short supply.Hence, any serious Mars endeavor will inevitably cut into the drive to save Mother Earth. «90031 90003 90002 While there is a certain logic to these arguments, they are nevertheless subject to three major assumptions / fallacies. 90014 First 90015, they seem to be built around the idea that space exploration and addressing the many problems we have here on Earth are mutually exclusive, rather than complimentary. 90003 90002 One of the greatest benefits of human spaceflight and space exploration has been the ability to study Earth from orbit.This has allowed us to learn an unprecedented amount about our planet’s climate and weather systems, not to mention giving us the ability to measure these systems and the impact that human agency continues to have on them. 90003 90002 It also gave rise to the understanding that our planet is a single, synergistic and self-regulating complex system — aka — the Gaia Hypothesis. Originally proposed by famed scientists James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis in the 1970s, this scientific theory is one of the cornerstones upon which the modern environmentalist movement is based.90003 90002 90014 Second 90015, there is the assumption that directing funds into space exploration and space-related ventures will deprive other efforts (such as addressing climate change, alleviating poverty, feeding the hungry, etc.) of vital resources. 90003 90002 Once again, the same type of «either / or» reasoning is at play, with no apparent room for «and.» When you get right down to it, there is no basis (other than facile logic) for thinking that money spent on scientific endeavors in space means there will be less money from addressing problems here at home.90003 90047 Source: United States Department of Energy / Wikimedia Commons 90002 What’s more, there is absolutely no guarantee that money 90030 not 90031 spent on space exploration would be automatically diverted to dealing with social, economic and environmental issues. While the argument does appeal to a certain sense of concern for humanity and social justice, it is not born out by reason. 90003 90002 90014 Third 90015, if the argument comes down to the question of resources being better spent elsewhere, why single out space exploration? Why not something that’s even more expensive and has less demonstrable benefits.Why not something like military spending? 90003 90002 According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, in 2014 року, roughly $ 1.8 trillion US was committed to military expenditures worldwide. Could this money not have been better spent on humanitarian aid, addressing extreme poverty, or assisting the transition to renewable energy worldwide? 90003 90002 To be a little more specific, let’s take a look at the fifth-generation F-35 Lightning II combat aircraft, which began development in 1992.According to estimates compiled in 2016, it has cost over 1.5 trillion dollars to get this fighter from the drawing board to procurement by the US and other nation’s armed forces. 90003 Source: Master Sgt. John R. Nimmo, Sr. | US Air Force / DVIDS.net 90002 Spread over the course of twenty-four years (1992-2016), that works out to an average of over $ 125 billion a year. These cost overruns have been largely due to apparent design flaws and technical failures which resulted in the loss of multiple aircraft during testing.90003 90002 But according to some critics, the program has endured because it has effectively become «too big to kill». Had the program been terminated years ago, could the billions of taxpayer dollars that were saved as a result not been put towards addressing social problems? Just saying … 90003 90002 As a second example, consider the amount of money that is spent annually to subsidize the fossil fuel industry. According to the International Energy Agency, the value of global fossil-fuel subsidies was over $ 300 billion in 2017 alone.90003 90002 However, according to a 2017 study conducted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the University of California, the price tag is actually much higher. Once you consider all of the indirect ways in which fossil fuels are subsidized — not to mention the costs of dealing with the impact of fossil fuel burning — the total cost comes out to a whopping $ 5 trillion. 90003 90068 Source: Pixabay 90002 Not only is all that money 90030 not 90031 being used to address the urgent problem of climate change, but it is also actively financing it.If some of those trillions were to be diverted to financing solar, wind and other renewable energy sources, would we not be seeing a more rapid decline in carbon emissions? 90003 90002 To be fair, those counter-arguments are also a bit over simplistic and deflect from the question. But then again, the question itself is very hard to answer. When all is said and done, it is not easy to take seven decades of space exploration, size up the accomplishments, and reduce it all to a yes / no answer. 90003 90002 But between the cost in resources and the measurable benefits, we get from space exploration, a basic cost / benefit assessment should be possible.So let’s take a look at what humanity has gained by going to space over the past few decades, starting from the beginning … 90003 90019 First Forays Into Space 90020 90002 The Soviet Union was the first to make it to space, having launched their 90030 Sputnik 1 90031 satellite in 1957. Several satellites followed, as well as the first animals (such as Laika the dog), followed by the first man and woman in 1961 and 1963. These were cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova, who flew to space as part of the 90030 Vostok 1 90031 and Vostok 6 missions, respectively.90003 90002 The United States followed suit, creating NASA in 1958 and launching the first American satellites with the 90030 Explorer 90031 program. Test launches came shortly thereafter (which also included animals), followed by Project Mercury and the first American astronauts being sent to space (the Mercury Seven). 90003 90002 On both sides, a great deal of time and resources went into the development of rockets and testing the effect of spaceflight on creatures big and small. And the advancements made within each national space program were inexorably tied to the development of nuclear weapons.90003 90002 As such, it can be difficult to differentiate between the cost of some of these early projects and general military spending. Another issue is the difficulty in obtaining accurate information from the early Soviet programs, which were not only kept secret from western sources, but also the Soviet Union’s own people. 90003 90002 Nevertheless, for certain programs (mainly NASA ones), public cost assessments were made. So if we were to consider the kinds of advancements that made as a result of a program, and then weight that against the money it took to make it happen, we can construct a rough cost / benefit analysis.90003 90019 Project Mercury and Vostok: 90020 90002 According to cost assessments made by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) covering 1965 to 1984, Soviet government spending on its space program was comparable to that of the United States. As it states in a report that was compiled in тисяча дев’ятсот вісімдесят п’ять (and declassified in 2011): 90003 90006 «We estimate the annual dollar costs of the program (including research and development, procurement, operating and support costs) expressed in 1983 prices, have risen from the equivalent of over $ 8 billion in тисячі дев’ятсот шістьдесят п’ять to over $ 23 billion in 1984 — averaging growth of about 6 percent per year.»90008 90101 90006 Source: NASA 90008 90002 Adjusted to 2019 prices, the Soviet Union space program cost the equivalent of $ 25.5 billion in 1965 — by which time they had already sent six crewed missions to space as part of the Vostok program — and steadily grew over the next few decades. 90003 90002 By this time, the Soviet Union had also conducted multiple test launches and sent numerous satellites into orbit as part of the Sputnik program. So while it is difficult to price individual programs, it is fair to say that $ 25.5 billion a year was the price the Soviet Union paid in order to be the first country to send an artificial object and human beings into space. 90003 90002 For NASA, the cost of early crewed spaceflights is easier to assess. This began with Project Mercury, which officially ran from 1958-1963 and succeeded in placing the first American astronaut into space. This was none other than astronaut Alan Shepard, who was sent into orbit on May 5th, 1961 as part of the 90030 Freedom 7 90031 mission. 90003 90002 According to cost assessments made by 1965 (two years after the program ended), Project Mercury cost US taxpayers roughly $ 277 million over the course of five years.Adjusted for inflation, that works out to a total of 2.2 billion dollars, or $ 440 million a year. 90003 90114 90002 Project Gemini, which ran from 1961-1966, sent several more crews into space using two-stage rockets and spacecraft capable of sending two astronauts in a single flight. Based on cost assessments compiled in 1967 this program cost taxpayers $ 1.3 billion — again, over the course of five years. 90003 90002 Once adjusted to 2019 dollars, that works out to $ 9.84 billion, or $ 1.97 billion a year.So really, these two programs cost taxpayers a total of over $ 12 billion over eight years (1958-1966). This brings us to a total bill of about $ 91 billion, or $ 11.375 billion a year. 90003 90019 The Race to the Moon 90020 90002 But by far, the greatest commitment in terms of time, energy, money and expertise went into the Apollo Program. This program called for the development of rockets, spacecraft, and related technologies that would lead to the first crewed missions in history to the Moon. 90003 90002 90014 RELATED: WHY IS IT TAKING US SO LONG TO GET BACK TO THE MOON? 90015 90003 90002 The Apollo Program began in earnest in 1960 with the goal of developing a spacecraft capable of accommodating up to three astronauts and a super-heavy launch vehicle that would be capable of breaking from Earth’s gravity and conducting a trans-lunar injection maneuver.90003 90129 Source: NASA 90002 These needs were met with the creation of the three-stage 90030 Saturn V 90031 rocket and the Apollo spacecraft — which consisted of the Command Module (CM), the Service Module (SM) and a lunar Landing Module ( LM). 90003 90002 The goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end of the decade required the most sudden burst of creativity, technological innovation, and the largest commitment of resources ever made by a nation during peacetime. It also entailed a massive support infrastructure that employed 400,000 people and over 20,000 industrial firms and universities.90003 90002 And by the time the last Apollo mission was flown (90030 Apollo 17 90031, in 1972), the program had cost a pretty penny. According to the NASA authorization Hearings held by the Ninety-third Congress in 1974, the Apollo program cost taxpayers USD 25.4 billion. 90003 90002 Adjusted for inflation, that works out to 90014 $ 130.23 billion 90015 in 2019 dollars. Considering that that spending was spread over a twelve year period (1960-1972), this works out to average annual spending of 90014 $ 10.85 billion 90015 a year. 90003 90146 Source: NASA 90002 But consider the fact that these programs did not exist in a vacuum, and a lot of money went into other programs and additional support. In terms of NASA’s total budget, spending on space exploration peaked in 1965, with a total budget of about 90014 $ 50 billion 90015 (adjusted to 2019 dollars). 90003 90002 The Soviet Union was also budgeting very heavily at this time. Doing the math, at 6% growth per annum, the Soviet Union would have spent the equivalent of around 90014 $ 25.5 billion 90015 to 90014 $ 46.22 billion 90015 a year between тисяча дев’ятсот шістьдесят п’ять and when the last Apollo mission flew in 1972. 90003 90002 While the Soviet Union never sent astronauts to the Moon in this same period, they did send many more crews to orbit and several robotic explorer missions to the Moon (the Luna and Lunokhod programs) and other bodies in the Solar System. 90003 90019 Pricing the «Space Race»: 90020 90002 Any way you slice it, $ 25.5 to $ 50 billion a year is a LOT of money! For comparison, consider the Hoover Dam, one of the largest engineering feats in history.Creating this massive hydroelectric operation cost approximately $ 49 million to build between тисячі дев’ятсот тридцять одна and 1936. That works out to about $ 815 million spread over a five year period, or $ 163 million a year. 90003 90163 Source: NASA 90002 In short, for what they spent on the Apollo Program alone, American taxpayers could have footed the bill for 177 Hoover Dams. Think of the electricity that could have provided! Or to use a more robust statistic, the US government has committed $ 89.6 billion in 2019 to its Health and Human Services department.90003 90002 In that respect, the Apollo Program cost roughly 14% of what the US government spends annually on the health and well-being of millions of its citizens. If that kind of money were injected into healthcare spending, the US would greatly expand its medical coverage. 90003 90002 The comparison is a bit crude, but it does give you a sense of just how monumentally expensive space exploration has been for all those who have dared to engage in it. One, therefore, has to ask, what benefits did all this spending really bring? 90003 90002 Aside from the national prestige and the inspiration it provided, what tangible benefits can be cited as justification for all the money spent? 90003 90019 What Came Of All This ?: 90020 90002 The most obvious benefit of the Space Age was the way it advanced humanity’s knowledge of space.By putting satellites and crewed spacecraft into orbit, scientists learned a great deal about Earth’s atmosphere, Earth’s ecosystems, and led to the development of Global Position Satellite (GPS) navigation. 90003 90002 The deployment of satellites also led to a revolution in communications technology. Ever since 90030 Sputnik 1 90031 was launched to orbit in 1957 about 8,100 satellites have been deployed by forty countries for the purposes of telecommunications, television, radio broadcasting, navigation, and military operations.90003 90002 As of 2019, the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) estimated that were 5,074 satellites in orbit of Earth. And in the coming years, thousands more are expected as part of the growing telecom and satellite internet markets. In the latter case, these satellites will be essential to meeting the growing demands for wireless services in the developing world. 90003 90002 Between 2005 and 2017, the number of people worldwide who had internet access went from 1 billion to over 3.5 billion — 16% to 48% of the population. Even more impressive, the number of people in developed nations to have internet access went from 8% to over 41%. By the latter half of this century, internet access is expected to become universal. 90003 90002 The deployment of satellites, crewed missions and space stations — culminating in the creation of the International Space Station (ISS) — also had a revolutionary impact on Earth’s sciences and our understanding of the planet as a whole. 90003 90002 As noted, the study of Earth from space gave rise to the theory that all living organisms interact with their environment to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet — once again, this is known as the «Gaia Hypothesis.»90003 90002 Interestingly enough, this theory was the result of Lovelock’s work with NASA, where he helped develop models for assessing whether or not life could exist on Mars. Thanks to these studies, scientists have not only gained a valuable understanding of how life emerged and evolved here on Earth. 90003 90002 They have also been able to create models that predict under which conditions life could exist in extra-terrestrial environments. This goes beyond locations in the Solar System (like Mars or within the moons of Europa, Ganymede, Enceladus, Titan, etc.) And includes extrasolar planets. 90003 90002 Aside from being a historic feat, the likes of which was never before seen (or since), the Apollo missions also resulted in many profound scientific advancements. The study of lunar rocks, which the Apollo astronauts brought back with them, led scientists to theorize that the Earth and Moon were once part of the same protoplanet. 90003 90002 According to this theory, known as the Giant Impact Hypothesis, the Earth-Moon system is the result of a collision that took place some 4.5 billion years ago between Earth and a Mars-sized object (named Theia). This occurred just a few million years after the Earth formed from the protoplanetary disk that surrounded our Sun. 90003 90196 Source: NASA / JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle (SSC) 90002 The deployment of space-based telescopes has also had a major impact on astronomy and cosmology. By operating in orbit, these telescopes are not subject to atmospheric distortion and can capture images of distant galaxies and cosmic phenomena that would not be possible using ground-based telescopes.90003 90002 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), for example, has contributed more than a million observations in its 30 years of service. These have allowed astronomers and astrophysicists to learn more about the Universe by measuring the rate at which it is expanding (which led to the theory of Dark Energy), testing General Relativity, and discovering extrasolar planets. 90003 90002 This last area of ​​research, which has since been taken up by the likes of the 90030 Kepler Space Telescope 90031 (KST), the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, the 90030 Gaia 90031 space observatory, and (soon) the 90030 James Webb Space Telescope 90031 has allowed scientists to search for life beyond our world like never before! 90003 90002 In fact, the 90030 Kepler 90031 mission alone has been responsible for the discovery of nearly 4000 candidate extrasolar planets.Of these, 49 planets have been earmarked for follow-up studies because they are considered good candidates for habitability. Once again, looking for life out there is causing scientists to take a good like at how life emerged here. 90003 90002 And then there is the way that space travel has brought the world together and facilitated international cooperation. When Yuri Gagarin became the first man to go to space, he instantly became a hero, and not just in the Soviet Union. During the frequent tours he did after his historic flight, Gagarin’s warm manner and bright smile were said to have «lit up the darkness of the Cold War.»90003 90215 Source: NASA 90002 The same is true of Neil Armstrong when he became the first man to set foot on the Moon. His famous words,» That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind, «are considered iconic well beyond the United States. After returning to Earth, he toured the Soviet Union as an honored guest and delivered an address at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research. 90003 90002 During 90030 Apollo 11 90031 90030, 90031 Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left a package of memorial items on the Moon to honor astronauts and cosmonauts who had died in training accidents.In addition to Grissom, White and Chaffee (who died in the 1967 fire that consumed the 90030 Apollo 1 90031 Command Module) they also honored Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin — who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively. 90003 90002 Laika the dog, the first canine to go into space, is regarded as a hero as well by space enthusiasts all over the world. Despite the fact that these events all took place during the Cold War, the way these achievements united the world in celebration allowed for a bit of a thaw.90003 90002 You also have collaborative efforts like the International Space Station (ISS), which 18 national space agencies participated in creating. These included NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and others. 90003 90002 These same countries have regularly contributed both personnel and experiments to ISS expeditions. As of 2019, 236 astronauts have visited the station (many of them multiple times), with 149 of them being from the US, 47 from Russia, 18 from the EU, 9 from Japan, 8 from Canada, and individual astronauts from a wide range of countries.90003 90002 But of course, the benefits of 70 years of space travel go beyond advancements made in science and international cooperation. There are also the innumerable technological and commercial benefits that have resulted from space-related government-funded research and development. 90003 90002 Within the United States, these benefits are cataloged by NASA Spinoff, which was founded in 1973 by the NASA Technology Transfer Program to report on how technologies developed for space missions have been made available to the corporate sector and general public.90003 90002 For instance, did you know that NASA-funded research led to the development of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), portable cordless vacuums, microwaves, freeze-drying technology, temper foam, video enhancing and analysis systems, computer-assisted design (CAD), Embedded Web Technology (EWT), and weather visualization and forecasting software? 90003 90002 90014 RELATED: 23 GREAT NASA SPIN-OFF TECHNOLOGIES 90015 90003 90002 How about health and medical advances like ventricular assist devices (VADs), artificial limbs, food safety systems, water, and air filtration systems, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ? It has also advanced our understanding of genetic disorders, osteoporosis, and degenerative diseases.90003 90002 The list goes on and on, but to break it down, a 2002 study conducted by George Washington University’s Space Policy Institute indicated that on average, NASA returns $ 7 to $ 21 back to the American public through its Technology Transfer Program. That’s a pretty significant return on investment, especially when you consider the other ways in which it has paid off. 90003 90019 What Does the Future Hold? 90020 90002 Asking whether or not space exploration is worth the investment is both sensible and necessary.But an equally valid question to ask in the midst of considering all that we’ve derived from it so far is, «would that have been possible otherwise?» 90003 90002 Would we have seen the same revolutions in terms of communications, computing, transportation, medicine, astronomy, astrophysics, and planetary sciences? Would we have come to learn as much about our origins on this planet? Would we understand just how interconnected life and ecosystems are today? 90003 90002 Pondering these two questions are vital as we embark on an era of renewed space exploration, which will require a similar commitment in term of time, energy, resources and vision.It’s also worth considering whether or not we will even be able to address our problems here on Earth without investing in space exploration. 90003 90002 Looking to the next decade and after, NASA, Roscomos, China, India, the EU, and many other space agencies hope to explore the lunar surface, create a permanent outpost there, send astronauts to Mars, explore the outer planets of the Solar System, and search for life both near and far. 90003 90002 All of this will require a lot of money, and it is uncertain what the future budget environment will be like.And while countless innovation promise to make going to space more cost-effective and accessible (like reusable rockets and space planes), we may run into some problems in the future and need to make some sacrifices. 90003 90002 But for the time being, it seems that we are intent on making the next generation of exploration happen. According to recent polls condnucted by Pew Research, the majority of Americans (72%) believe that it is essential for the United States to be a leader in space exploration.90003 90002 The same polls found that 80% of Americans surveyed believe that the International Space Station (ISS) has been a good investment for the country. On the question of the role played by NASA and NewSpace, the polls found that 65% of Americans believe that it is imperative that NASA continues to be involved in space exploration, as opposed to leaving it all to private industry. 90003 90002 As Manasavi Lingam, a postdoctoral researcher from Harvard University’s Institute for Theory and Computation (ITC), told Interesting Engineering via email, the benefits of continued space exploration include: 90003 90006 «The ability to greatly advance our understanding of several fields ranging from geology (e.g., learning about other crusts and mantles) to astronomy (eg, building a telescope on the moon) and perhaps even biology (eg, extraterrestrial life). «90008 90266 Source: NASA 90002 Another way in which we stand to benefit from continued exploration is the expansion of our resource base. «Here, it will be essential not to overexploit the likes of the asteroid belt, Mercury, etc., all of which have substantial abundances of metals,» said Lingham. 90003 90002 90014 RELATED: THE DRAKE EQUATION AND CARL SAGAN’S UNSHAKABLE OPTIMISM 90015 90003 90002 And of course, there are the words of the late and great Carl Sagan, who had plenty to say on the benefits of exploration: 90003 90006 «We embarked on our journey to the stars with a question first framed in the childhood of our species and in each generation asked anew with undiminished wonder: What are the stars? Exploration is in our nature.We began as wanderers, and we are wanderers still. We have lingered long enough on the shores of the cosmic ocean. We are ready at last to set sail for the stars … 90008 90006 «Our remote descendants, safely arrayed on many worlds throughout the Solar System and beyond, will be unified by their common heritage, by their regard for their home planet, and by the knowledge that, whatever other life may be, the only humans in all the Universe come from Earth. They will gaze up and strain to find the blue dot in their skies.They will love it no less for its obscurity and fragility. They will marvel at how vulnerable the repository of all our potential once was, how perilous our infancy, how humble our beginnings, how many rivers we had to cross before we found our way. «90008 90002 Given what stands to be gained, and what we will miss out on if we stop, the costs of space exploration seem infinitely bearable! 90003 90002 90030 90014 Sources: 90015 90031 90003.90000 What’s It Like to Live in Space? 90001 90002 Some tasks like cooking, cleaning and working are hard enough to do on Earth. Now, just imagine trying to do all these things with no gravity to hold you (or anything else) down. This is the challenge that astronauts living aboard the International Space Station face every day. 90003 90002 How do you go about life without the normal tug of gravity? 90003 90002 Three NASA astronauts who have spent time aboard the International Space Station (ISS) described what it is like to live, work and perform the most routine functions in space at the 2010 World Science Festival held this month in New York City.90003 90002 «Life in space is very different from life on Earth,» said Tracy Caldwell Dyson, a flight engineer who has been living aboard at the ISS since April. 90003 90002 Caldwell Dyson is currently orbiting about 220 miles (354 kilometers) above Earth in the floating laboratory, which is roughly the size of a football field, and appeared at the New York event in a taped video. 90003 90002 In an environment of zero gravity, seemingly simple tasks are a little more complicated. For instance, sleeping requires more than just laying down on a comfy bed.With nothing to hold them down, astronauts need to be strapped into sleeping bags in the crew quarters when they want to get some shut-eye. 90003 90002 «I do float, but I float inside of a sleeping bag,» Caldwell Dyson explained. 90003 90002 At night, Caldwell Dyson lightly straps herself into a sleeping bag, which is the size of a big box that can fit a refrigerator, she said. 90003 90002 To eat, astronauts can choose from mostly packaged, dehydrated goods that have been brought to the space station by space shuttles or the unmanned Progress supply ships.90003 90002 Typically, for longer stays at the space station, there is a 16-day, rotating menu, said Sandra Magnus, who lived aboard the ISS for 4.5 months beginning Nov. 14, 2008. 90003 90002 «What you end up missing is crispy and fresh,» Magnus said. 90003 90002 Most of the dehydrated food comes from Russia, the U.S. and Japan, and Magnus quickly learned her preferences. 90003 90002 «Meatloaf is not so good,» she said. «Desserts are pretty good, and creamed spinach is also pretty good.» 90003 90002 In addition, basic hygiene also requires a few more steps in space.90003 90002 Astronaut Leland Melvin, who was involved with two short-duration missions, described the proper way to brush your teeth at the space station. 90003 90002 «You have to spit very slowly into a washcloth,» Melvin said. «Then you wet it, wait a couple hours for it to dry, and then put it in your dry trash.» 90003 90002 For longer stays, astronauts had to be more creative in order to minimize the amount of waste they created during their stay. Magnus herself learned to cope with swallowing toothpaste.90003 90002 «You only have so many washcloths,» she explained. «When you live there for a while, you start to learn ways to conserve.» How Do Astronauts Go To the Bathroom in Space? 90003 90002 Going to the bathroom also takes some getting used to, and can be tricky at first, said Magnus. There are straps to hold the astronauts in, and precision is of the utmost importance, as mistakes can not only be messy, but also embarrassing. 90003 90002 «As a rookie, that’s not the way you want to start your mission,» Magnus said.90003 90002 Similarly challenging is adjusting to bathing and washing your hair in space, said Magnus. 90003 90002 «Water falling on your head is a beautiful thing,» she stated. «Do not take that for granted.» 90003 90002 Figuring out the best way to get water and shampoo out of their bags without splashing them everywhere took about a month for Magnus to master. 90003 90002 And, in their downtime, it’s important for astronauts to get an adequate amount of daily exercise. Typically, space station residents need to exercise two hours per day in order to keep their bones and muscles active.90003 90002 A combination of squats, stretches and cardiovascular exercises can help astronauts mitigate some of the bone and muscle loss that occurs from being in space. 90003 90002 90053 Got a question? Email it to Life’s Little Mysteries and we’ll try to answer it. Due to the volume of questions, we unfortunately can not reply individually, but we will publish answers to the most intriguing questions, so check back soon. 90054 90003 .90000 What Would It Be Like to Live on Jupiter’s Moon Europa? 90001 90002 Jupiter’s icy moon Europa has long been thought of as a potentially friendly place for life in the solar system. But what would human explorers find if they set down their ship on the moon’s icy shell? 90003 90002 Living on the surface of Jupiter itself would be difficult, but maybe not impossible. The gas giant has a small rocky core with a mass 10 times less than Earth’s, but it’s surrounded by dense liquid hydrogen extending out to 90 percent of Jupiter’s diameter.If you were to step foot on the planet’s core, «you would be crushed by the weight of the liquid hydrogen above,» said Robert Pappalardo, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). 90003 90002 Jupiter has more than 60 moons, some of which are plausible locations for permanent bases. With its low radiation levels, geologic stability and large amount of water ice, Callisto probably would be the ideal Jovian moon for a settlement, said JPL astrobiologist Steve Vance. [Living on Europa: The Conditions Explained (Infographic)] 90003 90002 90003 Scientists believe conditions may be right for life, under Europa’s icy crust.See what it might be like for an astronaut exploring Europa. (Image credit: By Karl Tate, Infographics Artist) 90002 However, another moon of Jupiter — Europa — is thought to have a vast water ocean beneath its icy surface, and is considered the best place to find life in our solar system. Setting up a research base on Europa would help scientists probe that potentially habited ocean. 90003 90002 Currently, there are very big holes in scientists ‘knowledge of Europa’s surface, Pappalardo told Space.com. Eight spacecraft have visited the Jovian satellite, but only 10 to 15 percent of the surface has been photographed at a decent resolution. 90003 90002 Pappalardo and Vance are currently working on concepts for NASA’s proposed Europa Clipper mission, in which a probe would perform 45 flybys of Europa, allowing scientists to get more detailed images of the moon’s surface than ever before. 90003 90002 Photos from previous missions suggest that Europa’s surface is relatively smooth, lacking large craters and mountains because convective ocean forces constantly recycle Europa’s surface ice.But the planet’s surface is not featureless. Amazing Photos of Europa] 90003 90002 «If you were to look in any direction, you’d see little ridges, no more than a couple of meters high,» Vance told Space.com. You’d also see numerous cracks that crisscross the globe. These cracks and ridges are likely the result of the daily rise and fall of Europa’s subsurface ocean due to tidal forces from Jupiter, scientists have said. 90003 90002 The best location for a base on Europa would be on the side of the moon that leads the moon as it orbits around Jupiter — the planet’s magnetosphere showers Europa with deadly radiation, which is far stronger on the trailing hemisphere of the moon.90003 90002 A base there would also offer up a spectacular view: Jupiter would look almost 24 times larger in the sky than Earth’s moon appears from the planet’s surface. «It would not be a boring place to drink your afternoon tea,» Vance said. 90003 90002 However, residents of Europa would have to deal with the blistering cold. The temperature averages about minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 160 degrees Celsius) near the equator and minus 370 F (minus 220 C) near the poles, Pappalardo said. 90003 90002 Aside from the radiation and cold, a few other dangers exist on Europa.Modest ice quakes — which might feel somewhat like an earthquake on Earth — could occur every now and then, and you’d definitely want to watch out for giant plumes of water that could violently shoot out of the ice. There would also be a small chance you’d be hit by a small meteor or particles from space. 90003 90002 Europa’s gravity is only about 13 percent of Earth’s, resulting in a virtually nonexistent atmosphere. Because of this, Europa, like Earth’s moon, has no weather, wind or sky colors.And walking on Europa would feel similar to walking on Earth’s moon. 90003 90002 If you went for a stroll, you’d probably want to visit Europa’s «chaos terrain,» where the normally flat ice has been fragmented into jumbled blocks. «It might look like you’re in Monument Valley,» Pappalardo said. You’d also want to see the moon’s depressions and ice domes, which are up to a little more than a half-mile (1 kilometer) high. 90003 90002 Amateur astronomers would want to keep an eye out for Jupiter’s moons, particularly the large ones.Ganymede- Jupiter’s largest moon, and the biggest satellite in our solar system — would appear in the sky once every two days on Europa (a Europan day is 3.5 Earth days), and would appear 1.5 times larger than our moon. Io — Jupiter’s third-largest moon — would show up twice every day and would appear a bit larger than Ganymede. 90003 90002 If you wanted to share your experiences with people back home, an email would take at least a half-hour to get there — just make sure massive Jupiter is not blocking your view of Earth.90003 90002 90037 Editor’s Note 90038: This is Part 5 in Space.com’s 12-part series «Living on Other Planets: What It Would Be Like» to see what an astronaut would see on other planets and moons of our solar system and beyond. Check back each Tuesday to see what humans might encounter on other cosmic bodies in the universe. This story was corrected on March 16 to clarify where the best location for a base on Europa would be. 90003 90002 90041 Follow 90042 90041 Joseph Castro 90042 90041 on 90042 90041 Twitter 90042 90041.90041 Follow us 90042 90042 90041 @Spacedotcom 90042 90041, 90042 90041 Facebook 90042 90041 and 90042 90041 Google+ 90042 90041. Original article on 90042 90041 Space.com. 90042 90003 .